Ionic species refer to atoms or molecules that have gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge. These charged particles can be found in a variety of environments, such as in solutions, solid crystals, or in the gas phase. Research in this area often focuses on understanding the behavior, properties, and interactions of these ionic species, as well as their potential applications in various fields including chemistry, materials science, and biochemistry. Studies may include topics such as the formation and stability of ionic species, their reactivity with other molecules, and the role they play in chemical reactions.